When preparing a scientific article, it is important to use the information used responsibly, ethically and legally, and for this it is necessary to cite and reference the documents consulted. The ethical principles of knowledge-based societies derive from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and include freedom of expression, universal access to information, especially in the public sphere, the right to education, the right to privacy and the right to participate in cultural life. The international debate on information ethics focuses on the ethical, legal and social aspects of the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Although information and communication technologies allow us to create, modify, access, reproduce and distribute Conitinguts in a simple, fast and cost-effective manner, we must ensure that we are used ethically and legally. When recording and/or broadcasting activities in which natural persons appear (conferences, courses, presentations, educational tutorials, etc.), several aspects must be taken into account in order to protect their right to honour, privacy and self-image. Plagiarism is using someone else`s work, ideas, or words as if they were your own, without explicitly stating where the information came from. Other people`s information belongs to another person (for example, a car or anything we own), whether it is free or not, or how we accessed it (on the Internet, a magazine, a book). Our words belong to us and cannot be used without our permission. Exploitation rights have a maximum period during which the work can be exploited under a monopoly regime. After this period, the work is in the public domain and can be freely used by anyone (provided that its authorship and integrity are respected). UNESCO and other institutions are working within the framework of the Information for All Programme (IFAP) to address these challenges and build an equitable and multicultural information society.
Tutorial “How to cite and develop bibliographic references”. REBIUN [Video] However, in the Spanish legal framework, the Law on Intellectual Property (hereinafter LPI) refers exclusively to copyright, while industrial property is protected by other laws (Patent Law, Trademark Law, etc.). As a general rule, a work is in the public domain 70 or 80 years after the death of all its authors (depending on whether it is before or after December 7, 1987), although the term varies according to the typology. The calculation of the expiry date of these rights can be done using the following tools: Since the law grants authors the exclusive right to exploit works, they can only be used with their consent (or that of the rights holder if they have been transferred). • IEEE Style (Engineering) • ACS Style (Chemistry) • Harvard Style (Physics, Natural and Social Sciences) • MLA Style (Literature and Humanities) • APA Style (Psychology and Social Sciences) • Vancouver Style (Health Sciences) • Chicago Style (multidisciplinary) UNESCO works closely with Member States to support and promote the ethical dimension of the information society, which is one of the Organization`s priorities worldwide Efforts to implement the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). Free and unhindered access to information through interactive networks is a key objective and raises a number of ethical issues that deserve the attention of the international community. Plagiarism is the false attribution of a work or part of it. Therefore, this also applies to the inclusion in the work itself of a part of the work of other persons to whom it has not been quoted. The changes brought about by the rapid development of ICTs not only open up a multitude of opportunities for humanity, but also pose new ethical challenges. Ensuring the information society based on the principle of mutual respect and respect for human rights is one of the greatest ethical challenges of the twenty-first century. In addition to the benefits it brings, a digitally connected world also holds a number of dangers and threats arising from the misuse of ICTs.
Therefore, plagiarism is a copyright infringement of a work of any kind that occurs by copying without the permission of the person who created it or owns or owns the rights to that work, and its presentation as an original work. “Personal data means any numerical, alphabetical, graphic, photographic, acoustic or other information relating to identified or identifiable natural persons” (UPC Data Protection Manual, p. 6). The exclusive rights of exploitation of works are exercised by their authors. However, authors may transfer ownership of these rights to third parties (with or without exclusivity). These are: Open access is an international movement that uses the Internet to make knowledge gained through researchers` research accessible to society. The user license is a contract signed between the owner of the rights to exploit a work and the person who wishes to use it. The terms of this Agreement describe both the permitted uses of the Works and the limitations of those uses. These rights apply to performers, producers of phonograms and audiovisual recordings, broadcasting organizations, authors of mere photographs and certain editorial productions (unpublished public domain and other works not protected by the LPI). Although it is common to use “copyright” and “intellectual property” as synonyms, it should be borne in mind that intellectual property is a broader term that also includes industrial property (patents, trademarks, industrial designs, etc.). The copyright symbol © (a term used by Anglo-American law to refer to exploitation rights) indicates that a work is subject to copyright, as is the person or organization that holds the corresponding exploitation rights.
Therefore, the author can affix this symbol directly to his work (from the moment of its creation) or, if he has assigned his rights, the owner of the rights (from the moment of acquisition). Copyright is grouped into moral rights, exploitation rights and related rights: “Data processing is any technical operation or process, whether automated or not, which allows the collection, recording, storage, preparation, modification, consultation, use, erasure, blocking or erasure and transmission of data resulting from the communication, consultation, interconnection and transmission” (UPC Data Protection Handbook, p. 8). Many countries are already implementing mechanisms to protect populations from these risks. For example, progress has been made in protecting children online. However, much remains to be done to take full account of the ethical implications of the information society. Public domain works are works whose exploitation rights have expired and can therefore be freely used by anyone. However, in some cases, works can be used without having to obtain permission from the respective rights holders (provided that their authorship and integrity are respected). The IPF grants the author of a work all rights to it (moral rights and exploitation rights): Below are the most frequently asked questions about the intellectual property of documents deposited in the UPCommons institutional repository: In addition to the copyrights mentioned above, there are other intellectual property rights (so-called related rights, e.g. neighboring or related) that support creative efforts and rights, protect the technical and organisational contribution of persons or institutions that make the works available to the public, participate in cultural industries and their relations with the public.
Restrictions that allow the use of a work without the need to obtain the authorization of the rightholder concerned (provided that its authorship and integrity are respected) are contained in Articles 31 to 40 of the IPA. Some of these limitations are, for example: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation – Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources being translated into Spanish, UNE-ISO 690 Information and documentation. Guidelines for the writing of bibliographic references and citations of information resources, in May 2013 by the Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification (AENOR).
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