Self-employed workers` expenses are not subject to a contribution limit, but are subject to reporting. (The campaign of a candidate who benefits from an independent edition is not reportable.) A standalone exit must include a disclaimer. A study to be published in the American Political Science Review found that campaigns have “an average effect of zero in general elections.” [28] [29] The study found two instances where campaigns were effective: “First, when candidates take unusually unpopular positions and campaigns invest exceptionally heavily in identifying persuasive voters. Second, when campaigns reach out to voters well in advance of election day and measure the impact immediately – even if that early conviction fades. [28] [29] In a modern political campaign, the campaign organization (or “machine”) will have a coherent personnel structure, like any company of similar size. A large body of political science research points to how the “fundamentals”—the state of the economy, whether the country is at war, how long the president`s party has been in power, and which candidate is ideologically more moderate—predict the outcome of the presidential election. [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] However, campaigns may be needed to educate otherwise misinformed voters about the fundamental principles that increasingly predict preferences as the election campaign progresses. [32] [37] [38] [39] Research suggests that “the 2012 presidential campaigns increased voter turnout in high-target states by an average of 7 to 8 percentage points, suggesting that modern campaigns can significantly alter the size and composition of the electorate.” [40] Another modern campaign method by political scientist Joel Bradshaw reveals four key theses for developing a successful campaign strategy. First, the electorate in each election can be divided into three groups: the candidate`s base, the opponent`s base, and the undecided. Second, the results of past elections determine data from registered voters lists and surveys to determine who belongs to each of these three groups. Thirdly, it is neither possible nor necessary to receive everyone`s support. Fourth, and finally, once a campaign understands how to win, it can act to create the necessary circumstances for that victory. To be successful, campaigns must direct campaign resources – money, time and message – to key groups of potential voters and nowhere else.
[4] According to political scientists Donald Green and Alan Gerber, it costs $31 to produce a door-to-door vote, $91 to $137 to produce a vote by sending direct mail, $47 per pamphlet vote, $58 to $125 per commercial telephone vote, and $20 to $35 per voluntary telephone vote. [60] A 2018 study published in the American Economic Review found that door-to-door advertising on behalf of François Hollande`s campaign in the 2012 French presidential election “did not affect voter turnout, but increased Hollande`s share of the vote in the first round and accounted for a quarter of his margin of victory in the second round. The effects of the visits continued in subsequent elections, suggesting a lasting persuasive effect. [61] A 2018 study found that repeated phone calls had diminishing effects, but each additional call increased the likelihood of dialing by 0.6 to 1.0 percentage points. [62] Another 2018 study found that “party leaflets increase voter turnout by 4.3 percentage points, while election advertising has a small additional effect (0.6 percentage points)” in a UK election. [63] Most political advertising messages must contain a message indicating who paid for them (sponsor identification). The law also dictates where and how the sponsor`s identification message is displayed. Campaigns and most other advertising sponsors must report to the CFP how much money was spent on advertising, which candidates or voting measures benefited from the advertisement and, in some cases, when the advertisement was presented to the public.
Election campaigns are the means by which candidates and political parties prepare their ideas and positions on issues and present them to voters as election day approaches. Participants use a variety of techniques to reach voters and convey their messages, including through traditional and new media, public events, written materials or other means. In some countries, participants are allocated public media and/or space for these purposes (as indirect public funding for campaigns). The dates of an official campaign period, usually a month or several months before election day, are often set by law. In many countries, the legal campaign window ends one or two days before election day, which provides for a so-called “blackout” period immediately before the start of elections. Parties and candidates will establish physical premises from which they will conduct campaign activities and general operations. Individuals and groups can support or oppose a candidate by paying for public communications (broadcasting, cable or satellite communications, newspapers, magazines, outdoor advertising, direct mail or telephone banks to the general public, or any other form of mainstream political advertising). Internet communications are not considered “public communications,” with the exception of communications placed on another person`s website for a fee.
Communication over the Internet is discussed in the section “Using a computer for political activities.” Individuals can use their homes and personal property for activities that benefit a candidate or political party without contributing. For example, a person may want to host a fundraising party or reception at their home. Fees for invitations and for food and beverages served at the event are not considered contributions if they remain within certain limits. These expenses for a candidate are capped at $1,000 per election. A political party`s expenses are capped at $2,000 per year. Any amount spent across borders is a contribution to the candidate or party committee.
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